Macromolecules

Biochemistry A WORD 1. Describe the structure and function of enzymes. Describe the lock and key model(define substrate and products). Post a picture. Andrew Enzymes andrew parker Enzymes are proteins that participate in cellular metabolic processes with the ability to enhance the rate of reaction between bio molecules. They can either speed up or slow down reactions. They can even reverse a reaction by slowing down activation energy to the extent that the reaction favors the reverse direction. A lock and Key model shows how an enzyme and the substrate have shapes that fit into each other. Only the correct shaped substrate can fit into a certain active site of the enzyme. A substrate is molecule upon which an enzyme acts. Products are the results of the substrate splitting into two parts.

**Marcus**- The minimum amount of energy required to convert a normal stable molecule into a reactive molecule called also //energy of// //activation.// Activation energy affects lock key model because energy is need to create product in the model. Therefore the least amount of energy needed is the activation energy in the equation.

3. How are enzymes affected by environmental factors? Describe the enzyme lab that we did this 9wks as an example. Carolin Environmental factors can effect enzymes by by things such as temperature and pH. It relates back to our enzyme lab when we tested to see if the temperature sped up, or slowed down the chemical reaction. We also tested the pH and how it affected it. And acids and bases on the liver mixed in with the carbon dioxide.

4. Research and find one enzyme that is used in human cells and describe the reaction that it catalyzes. Savannah

5 protiens are mainly used in building, enzymes, transportation from cell-to-cell, and some are hormones. proteins are made of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen. monomers in protein are amino acids. proteins are found in mucles. Zach 6. Give examples of carbohydrates from your notes and include the functions of each. (If you do not have your notes, do the best you can, and then ask for help from others.) What monomers are each made of? What elements are found? Include pics. Will

=Will White= =Carbohydrates are important for your health. They are a major part of your food and help alot in building your strength, by making energy. They are one of the 3 major macronutrients that are major energy providers, the other two being fats and proteins and nucleic acids. Carbs can be sugar, starch, fibers and so on.=

7.  Give examples of lipids from your notes and include the functions of each. Do lipids have monomers? Distinguish between steroids and fatty acids. Find pics of each. Dani!! Lipids:

Made of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen They are not polymers They do have monomers Fatty Acids- Most fatty acids have a chain of 4 to 28 carbons. Glycerol- one molecule of glycerol with three molecules of fatty acids Insoluble in water (will not mix)

Highly varied in form and function Ex: Fats- store large amount of energy Phospholipids Steroids Triglycerol- Saturated Fats- only single bonds between the carbon, full of hydrogen Unsaturated Fats- 2 or more double bonds, like fish oil and plants

8. Give examples of nucleic acids from your notes and include the functions of each. (If you do not have your notes, do the best you can, and then ask for help from others.) What monomers are used? What elements are found? Use many pics. Alexus **Examples**


 * DNA – (deoxyribonucleic acid) – storing and transmitting genetic info


 * RNA – (ribonucleic acid) - messenger between DNA and ribosomes


 * Nucleobases – involved in base pairing
 * Nucleotides are the monomers used
 * Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

9. Describe the structure of water. Describe how it is polar and hydrogen bonding that occurs between water molecules. Include pictures. Justin

 Water's structure is H2O. Although hydrogen bonding is a relatively weak attraction compared to the covalent bonds within the water molecule itself, it is responsible for a number of water's physical properties. An important feature of water is its polar nature. The water molecule forms an angle, with hydrogen atoms at the tips and oxygen at the vertex. Since oxygen has a higher electronegativity than hydrogen, the side of the molecule with the oxygen atom has a partial negative charge. An object with such a charge difference is called a dipole. The charge differences cause water molecules to be attracted to each other (the relatively positive areas being attracted to the relatively negative areas) and to other polar molecules. This attraction contributes to hydrogen bonding, and explains many of the properties of water, such as solvent action. 10. Describe adhesion, cohesion and the capillary effect. How do these properties help living organism survive? Include pictures. Nil **Cohesion-** when water sticks to other water. **Adhesion-** when water sticks to other things that is not water. <span style="display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">**Capillary Effect-** phenomenon where liquid spontaneously rises in a narrow space such as a thin tube, or in porous materials. This effect can cause liquids to flow against the force of gravity. It occurs because of inter-molecular attractive forces between the liquid and solid surrounding surfaces; If the diameter of the tube is sufficiently small, then the combination of surface tension and forces of adhesion between the liquid and container act to lift the liquid. <span style="display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">** How do these affect living things ** - they all help push blood throughout our bodies.

11. How is temperature moderated by water? Discuss how ice floats and acts as insulation as well as water’s high specific heat. Sarah <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #800080; counter-reset: __goog_page__ 0; display: block; font-family: Calibri1; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0pt; min-height: 1100px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; text-indent: -0.25in;">...Sarah...

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #800080; counter-reset: __goog_page__ 0; display: block; font-family: Calibri1; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0pt; min-height: 1100px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; text-indent: -0.25in;">How is temperature moderated by water?

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; counter-reset: __goog_page__ 0; display: block; font-family: Calibri1; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0pt; min-height: 1100px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; text-indent: -0.25in;">Water vapor is the main reason for the greenhouse effect, in which certain gases in the atmosphere allow sunlight to pass through, but absorb heat released from the Earth (when sunlight strikes the Earth it changes from visible light to infrared radiation, or heat). Without this effect the Earth would be about 33°C cooler than it is at present (that is, 60°F cooler).

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #800080; counter-reset: __goog_page__ 0; display: block; font-family: Calibri1; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0pt; min-height: 1100px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; text-indent: -0.25in;">Discuss how ice floats and acts as insulation as well as water’s high specific heat.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; counter-reset: __goog_page__ 0; display: block; font-family: Calibri1; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0pt; min-height: 1100px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; text-indent: -0.25in;">Ice floats because it has a density 9% less than water and therefore floats. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; counter-reset: __goog_page__ 0; display: block; font-family: Calibri1; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0pt; min-height: 1100px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; text-indent: -0.25in;">Ice is water in solid form. The atoms in water are constantly moving freely and quickly in the much space around it. When frozen, the atoms cool down causing them to slow down and stiffen up and turn into a solid. The loose atoms in a liquid allow electric current to pass through it easily. A block of ice will have tighter atoms not allowing it to pass through it as easily. and on top of that, the ice is literally freezing cold causing electric current to cool down.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; counter-reset: __goog_page__ 0; display: block; font-family: Calibri1; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0pt; min-height: 1100px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; text-indent: -0.25in;">The specific heat of water is 4.184 Joules per gram per degree centigrade.